The unbranched alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases. Alkane names are based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain in the compound. Physical properties of alkanes alkanes are nonpolar only dispersion forces act between molecules. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine. The series continues in this manner to include ethane c 2 h 6, propane c 3 h 8, butane c 4 h 10, among others. In crude oil the alkane molecules have remained chemically unchanged for millions of years.
Physical properties of alkynes organic chemistry tutorial. As n increases, each additional ch, group con tributes a fairly constant increment to the boiling point. Physical properties of alkanes chemistry libretexts. Vidyakul presents hydrocarbon alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon video lectures for students, prepared by a to z chemistry according to the latest syllabus for effective preparation and revision to score high marks in exam. It is used as a fuel in homes and science labs and is a product of many biological processes. However, ignoring financial considerations, alkanes can be prepared from. Alkanes and alkenes physical properties and chemical properties. A homologous series of alkanes may be formed by adding additional methylene groups ch 2. If you have four different substituents around a double bond cistrans does not work e z nomenclature. Hydrocarbons complete ppt free download as powerpoint presentation. Chapter 9 chemical and physical properties of hydrocarbons 1. Properties of the alkane hydrocarbons, c1 through c10, in the ideal gas state from 0 to 1500 k, report, 1974. A compilation of chemical thermodynamic properties of the alkanes, based on this correlation, is given in this bulletin for all of the alkane isomers through c10 for selected temperatures between 0 and 1500 k. Because alkane molecules are nonpolar, they are insoluble in water, which is a polar solvent, but are soluble in nonpolar and slightly polar solvents.
Direct molecular dynamics simulations of the liquidliquid interface of watern alkane and watermethanoln alkane systems have been performed in order to study the interfacial properties of these. Alkanes are rarely prepared from other types of compounds because of economic reasons. Alkenes have physical properties low boiling points, insoluble in water quite similar to those of their corresponding alkanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg.
It is generally observed that evennumbered alkanes have a higher trend in melting point in comparison to oddnumbered alkanes as the evennumbered alkanes pack well in the solid phase, forming a wellorganized structure which is difficult to break. Petroleum and natural gas are the major sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon while coal is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons. Boiling points, melting points, and densities generally increase with the size of the alkane. Direct molecular dynamics simulations of the liquidliquid interface of waternalkane and watermethanolnalkane systems have been performed in order to study the interfacial properties of these. In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin a historical name that also has other meanings, is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. The physical properties of alkenes are much like those of the alkanes. Briefly identify the important distinctions between an alkene and an alkane. Chemical thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and related.
Apr 04, 2018 for branched cyclic alkanes, the position and name of the branch can be attached as suffix. Properties of alkenes and alkynes no rotation around double and triple bonds similar to alkanes bp and mp isomerism cis and trans. Gemseal 25 is a volatile alkane with unique sensory properties. Pdf molecular simulations of liquidliquid interfacial. Oct 07, 2014 this article presents the reader a complete answer to the question what are the properties of alkanes. It gives the description of chemical and physical properties of alkanes. The ease of cracking in alkanes increases with increase in molecular weight and branching in alkane. Alkanes are less dense than water alkanes float on top of water. Alkanes are quite inert substances with highly stable nature. Methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases at room temperature. David rawn, in principles of organic chemistry, 2015. Because alkane molecules are nonpolar, they are insoluble in water, which is a polar solvent, but. Thus gasoline, which is largely a mixture of alkanes, is less dense than water, and will float on water.
The concept of homology the series of straightchain alkanes, in which n is the number of carbons in the chain, shows a remarkably smooth gradation of physical properties see. May 20, 2017 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Download in free pdf hydrocarbons are composed of carbon and hydrogen. By the time you get 17 carbons into an alkane, there are. Hence, it appears that wienertype indices will be the most appropriate for modeling, monitoring, and estimating these properties.
Alkane structure, properties and examples chemistry dictionary. Solid alkanes are normally soft, with low melting points. Identify each as an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne. Chemical properties of alkane carbon compound youtube. The alkanes can exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature.
As for example the name of following cyclic alkane is 1chlorocyclohexane. Ppt alkanes and alkenes powerpoint presentation free. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. Alkanes are nonpolar molecules so they are more soluble in nonpolar solvents than they are in polar solvents.
As molecular weight increases the alkanes stays as liquid or solid. I thought it would be more accurate from the point of the view of the iupac nomenclature. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons. Alkane none h c h c h h h h ch3 3 ethane alkene cc c ethene ethylene h h c h h. Organic chemistry free download as powerpoint presentation. Alkanes are not very reactive when compared with other chemical species.
The iupac system of nomenclature was established at the end of the 19th century in order for chemists to have a common method of naming. The important fuels like petrol, kerosene, coal gas, cng, lpg etc. Structures and names objectives identify an alkane determine what an. Try the longest possible chain or largest ring size first, then systematically shorten it and find the branched isomers.
Chemical and physical properties of hydrocarbons pdf. This is because the backbone carbon atoms in alkanes have attained their octet of electrons through forming four covalent bonds the maximum allowed number of bonds under the octet rule. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and. Alkanes and alkenes physical properties and chemical. We also acknowledge previous national science foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 14739. Powerpoint presentation on organic chemistry and application of it in everyday life with lot of photos. The table below gives some physical properties for the first eight straight chained alkanes in the alkane homologous series. Main idea alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single. Hydrocarbon alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon by. The boiling points shown are for the straight chain isomers of which there is more than one. Chemical properties of alkanes chemistry libretexts. Chemical thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and. For molecules with the same number of carbon atoms and the.
This is chemical properties of alkanes, section 12. The names of alkanes containing up to twelve carbon atoms per chain are as follows. Introduction hydrocarbon derivatives hydrocarbons are the principal compounds of crud. Physical properties of alkanes chemistry assignment. Branchedchain alkanes do not exhibit the same smooth gradation of physical properties as do the continuouschain alkanes. Alkanes formula, definition, structure, properties, videos. The first three members of alkyne family ethyne, propyne and butyne are colourless gases, the next eight members are liquids and the higher ones are solids. It is intended to fulfill the need for an updated compilation mentioned in the previous paragraph. The products follow an andersonschulzflory distribution but with at least one important. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carboncarbon bonds are single. Alkane definition of alkane by the free dictionary. These characteristics are due to strong repulsive forces generated between electrons on neighboring atoms, which are in close proximity in crystalline solids. The product formed during cracking depends upon a nature of alkane b temperature and pressure c presence or absence of catalyst.
Physical properties of hydrocarbons physical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons physical properties of hydrocarbons and chemicals physical and chemical properties physicalchemical properties of ubiquitin physical chemical properties of fungi. If three or more substituents, number to give them the. Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes. If two substituents, number from the substituent of lower alphabetical order. Alkane nameswith the exception of the four first members of the series methane, ethane, propane, and butaneare composed of a numerical prefix followed by the termination ane.
Download this document for organische chemie i fur chemieingenieure at karlsruher institut fur technologie for free and find more useful study mate. Chemical and physical properties of hydrocarbons pdf free. Write both structural and molecular equations for substitution reaction of methane 5. It is evident that the increase in melting point is relatively more in moving from an alkane having odd number of carbon atoms to the higher alkane while it is relatively less in moving from an alkane with even number of carbon atoms to the higher alkane. These forces govern the physical properties of alkanes such as solubility and boiling point. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of.
It is a good alternative tocyclomethicone and isododecane. Alkane names, formulas, properties memorize sections. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. Physical properties of alkanes alkanes are nonpolar. The simplest alkane is methane ch 4, which consists of a single carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms. This makes them better fuels, as they release more energy in a combustion reaction. Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. Properties and uses of alkanes chemistry tutorial key concepts. Alkanes vary with the molecular weight and the molecular structure. Physical properties of alkane of organic chemistry for neet by dt sir etoosindia duration.
Physical properties of alkanes boiling point of straight chained alkanes. Chemical thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons and related substances. These are saturated hydrocarbons containing only carbon. Alkanes 2 organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. However, gyopi pointed out that in the talk page of the ja alkane, though the term cyclic alkane is incorrect in the iupac, it still being used generally as the word expressing hydrocarbons having cyclic structure. Beware of things that look different but are really the same thing. Determination of diesel physical properties at injection pressures and temperatures via all. The data presented in table 2 shows that like the aforementionedproperties,themagnitudeofwandpi.
Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. Feb 10, 2011 chemical properties of alkanes 20 m a write chemical equation for complete combustion of methane correct reactant 2m correct product 2m 4. The simplest of the functional groups are the hydrocarbons, which include the alkanes. The selective conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons using a zsm5 catalysts was a significant discovery. The series of straightchain alkanes, in which n is the number of carbons in. Chemistry 1110 organic chemistry iupac nomenclature of the approximately 32 million unique chemical compounds presently known, over 95% of them can be classified as organic. Alkane vapours on passing through red hot metal tube in absence of air decomposes to simpler hydrocarbons. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. Physical properties of alkanes are consistent with their. Download as ppt, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Alkane molecules are nonpolar and therefore generally do not react with ionic compounds such as most laboratory acids, bases, oxidizing agents, or reducing agents.
Classify each compound as saturated or unsaturated. If only one substituent, no need to give it a number. The ch bond is weakly polar, due to difference in electronegativity between c and h atoms, however due to the symmetry of ch bonds around the whole alkane, any dipoles are even in size and balance or cancel out. In addition to carbon dioxide, water and heat a variety of products are possible. The concept of homology the series of straightchain alkanes, in which n is the number of carbons in the chain, shows a remarkably smooth gradation of physical properties see table 41 and figure 41. As the carbon chain gets longer, there are more electrons in a molecule. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect.
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